GRUPO DE LOS CIEN INTERNACIONAL
and
MAKE WAY FOR MONARCHS
A MILKWEED -BUTTERFLY RECOVERY ALLIANCE
14
February 2014
President
Barack Obama
President
Enrique Peña Nieto
Prime
Minister Stephen Harper
Honorable
Gentlemen:
Decline of the Monarch Butterfly Migration in Eastern North America.
Among the countless organisms that have
evolved during the history of life on earth, monarch butterflies are among the most extraordinary. Sadly, their
unique multigenerational migration across our large continent, their
spectacular overwintering aggregations on the volcanic mountains in central
Mexico, and their educational value to children in Canada, the United States,
and Mexico are all threatened.
Monitoring of the butterfly population over the
past two decades indicates a grim situation. Following a long-term decline, the
total area occupied by the overwintering butterflies plunged from the 20-year
average of 6.7 hectares to a record low of 0.67 hectares in the current season,
a 90% decrease. This winter, only seven of twelve traditional sites had any
butterflies at all, and only one of those (El Rosario, 0.5 hectares) was
substantial in size.
The decline has two main causes:
1. Loss
of breeding habitat. The major summer breeding area of the monarch
butterfly is in the floristically rich grasslands of central North America,
where the monarch’s milkweed foodplants grow in abundance. However, over the
past decade the planting of corn and soybean varieties that have been
genetically modified to be herbicide resistant has risen to 90%. Shortly after
the corn or soy seeds germinate, the fields are sprayed with herbicides that
kill all other plant life including the milkweeds, the only plants that monarch
caterpillars can eat.
Furthermore, with economic incentives for producing corn
ethanol, the planting of corn in the U.S. has expanded from 78 million acres in
2006 to 97 million acres in 2013. Fallow fields, row crops and roadsides that
used to support the growth of milkweeds and substantial acreage of land
previously set aside in the U.S. Conservation Reserve Program have been
converted to monoculture crops.
Further loss of habitat has resulted from urban
sprawl and development. More generally, the current chemical-intensive
agriculture is threatening monarchs and other native pollinators and unraveling
the fabric of our ecosystems.
2. Degradation
of overwintering habitat. Overwintering monarchs depend on the
protective cover of undisturbed oyamel fir forest canopy in Mexico. While the
Mexican government has largely stopped the major illegal logging that
threatened the forests used by the wintering monarch butterflies, damaging
small scale illegal logging continues.
What can be done? If the monarch butterfly
migration and overwintering phenomenon is to persist in eastern North America,
mitigation of breeding habitat loss must be initiated. As Mexico is addressing
the logging issues, so now must the United States and Canada address the
effects of our current agricultural policies.
Managing roadsides for native
plants, including milkweeds, could be a significant tool to partially offset
the loss of habitat. There are 3.2 million miles of roads east of the Rocky
Mountains. If 25-foot roadside strips and medians were managed to support the
growth of milkweeds, then eastern U.S. roadsides could contribute more than 19
million acres of milkweed habitat. If two monarchs were produced per acre of
habitat, then these roadsides could produce nearly 40 million monarchs, i.e.,
about one tenth of the 20 year average number of monarch butterflies
overwintering in Mexico.
Within the agricultural heartland, a second mitigation
effort should promote more extensive buffers of native plant communities at
field margins. Collaborative exclusion of field margins in cooperation with
farming communities could add substantially and help assure the continuation of
the world's most revered butterfly. An incentive program to pay farmers to set
aside toxin-free areas for milkweeds and pollinators could be a move in the
right direction.
A milkweed corridor stretching along the
entire migratory route of the monarch butterfly through our three countries
must be established. This will show the political will of our governments to
save the living symbol of the North American Free Trade Agreement. We the
undersigned hope that you will discuss the future of the monarch butterfly
during the North American leaders’ Summit that will take place on February
19-20, 2014 in Toluca, state of Mexico.
Sincerely
yours,
Homero
Aridjis Dr. Lincoln P. Brower
President,
Grupo de los Cien Sweet Briar College, USA
Dr.
Gary Paul Nabhan
Co-Facilitator,
Make Way for Monarchs
SIGNED
BY:
INTERNATIONAL MONARCH BUTTERFLY SCIENTISTS
Dr.
Alfonso Alonso, Smithsonian Institution, USA
Dr.
Sonia M. Altizer, University of Georgia, USA
Dr.
Michael Boppre, University of Freiburg, Germany
Dr.
Lincoln P. Brower, Sweet Briar College, USA
Dr.
Linda S, Fink, Sweet Briar College, USA
Dr.
Barrie Frost, Queens University, Ontario, Canada
Dr.
Jordi Honey-Roses, University of British Columbia, Canada
Dr.
Pablo F. Jaramillo-López, UNAM, Michoacán, Mexico
Dr.
Stephen B. Malcolm, Western Michigan University, USA
Dr.
Karen Oberhauser, University of Minnesota, USA
Dr.
Robert M. Pyle, Grays River, Washington, USA
Dr.
Isabel Ramirez, UNAM, Michoacan, Mexico
Dr.
Daniel Slayback, Science Systems & Applications,
Inc., MD, USA
Dr. Orley R. Taylor, University of Kansas,
USA
Dr.
Stuart B. Weiss, Creekside Center for Earth Observations, CA, USA
Dr.
Ernest H. Williams, Hamilton College, USA
Dr. Dick Vane-Wright, the
Natural History Museum, London, UK
Dr.
Myron P. Zalucki, University of Queensland, Australia
WRITERS AND
ARTISTS
UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA:
Kwame Anthony Appiah
John Ashbery
Paul Auster
Deirdre Bair
Russell Banks
Rick Bass
Magda Bogin
Sarah Browning
Christopher
Cokinos
Robert Darnton
Alison Hawthorne Deming
Junot Diaz
Rita Dove
Lawrence Ferlinghetti
Alexandra Fuller
Ross Gelbspan
Sue Halpern
Sam Hamill
Robert Hass
Tom Hayden
Edward Hirsch
Siri Hustvedt
Jewell James (Lummi Tribe)
Robert Kennedy, Jr.
George Kovach
Nicole Krauss
Peter Matthiessen
Michael McClure
Bill McKibben
Askold Melnyczuk
Michael Palmer
Janisse Ray
Jerome Rothenberg
Dick Russell
Michael Scammell
Grace Schulman
Alex Shoumatoff
A. E. Stallings
Judith Thurman
Melissa Tuckey
Chase Twichell
Rosanna Warren
Eliot Weinberger
Alan Weisman
Terry Tempest Williams
Michael Wood
City Lights Books
MEXICO:
Homero Aridjis
Lucia Alvarez
Juan Domingo Arguelles
Chloe Aridjis
Eva Aridjis
Alberto Blanco
Coral Bracho
Federico Campbell
Marco Antonio Campos
Ana Cervantes
Jennifer Clement
Elsa Cross
María José Cuevas
Ximena Cuevas
Pablo Elizondo
Laura Esquivel
Manuel Felguérez
Betty Ferber
Paz Alicia Garciadiego
Emiliano Gironella
Jose Gordon
Hugo Gutiérrez Vega
Barbara Jacobs
Daniel Krauze
León Krauze
Mario Lavista
Paulina Lavista
Silvia Lemus de Fuentes
Soledad Loaeza
Pura López Colomé
Jean Meyer
Sergio Mondragon
Angelina Muñiz-Huberman
Carmen Mutis
Gabriel Orozco
Carmen Parra
Fernando del Paso
Marie-José Paz
Elena Poniatoswka
Arturo Ripstein
Vicente Rojo
Cristina Rubalcava
Juan Carlos Rulfo
Pablo Rulfo
Alberto Ruy Sánchez
Isabel Turrent
Juan Villoro
Roger Von Gunten
CANADA:
Katherine Ashenburg
Margaret Atwood
Wade Davis
Gary Geddes
Graeme Gibson
Terence Gower
Emile Martel
Jann Martel
George McWhirter
Michael Ondaatje
Nicole Perron
Linda Spalding
John Ralston Saul
OTHER COUNTRIES:
Pierre Alechinsky (Belgium)
Gioconda Belli (Nicaragua)
Yves Bonnefoy (France)
Breyten Breytenbach (South Africa)
André Brink (South Africa)
Kjell Espmark (Sweden)
Maneka Sanjay Gandhi (Member of Parliament, India)
Gloria Guardia (Panama)
Alejandro Jodorowsky (France/Chile)
Nicholas Jose (Australia)
Norman Manea (USA/Rumania)
Hasna Moudud (Bangladesh)
Orhan Pamuk (Nobel Prize, Turkey)
Jonathon Porritt (United Kingdom)
Sergio Ramírez (Nicaragua)
Lélia Wanick Salgado
(Brazil)
Sebastião Salgado
(Brazil)
Simon Schama (United Kingdom)
Ali Smith (United Kingdom)
Lasse Soderberg (Sweden)
Hugh Thomas (Lord Thomas, United Kingdom)
Tomas Transtromer (Nobel Prize, Sweden)
Lucy Vines (France)
Per Wastberg, (Sweden)
Fred Viebahn (Germany)
SCIENTISTS AND
ENVIRONMENTALISTS
Dr. Gary Paul Nabhan (Make Way for Monarchs, U. of Arizona, USA)
Dr. José Sarukhan K. (Mexico)
Lester Brown (Earth Policy Institute, USA)
Ina Warren, (Make Way for Monarchs, USA)
Scott
Hoffman Black, (Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation and IUCN
Butterfly Specialist Group, USA)
Laura Lopez Hoffman (University of Arizona, USA)
Elizabeth
Howard, (Journey North, USA)
Don
Davis, (Monarch Butterfly Fund, Toronto, Canada)
Claudio Lomnitz (Center for Mexican Studies, Columbia University,
USA)
Amory B. Lovins (USA)
Gail Morris (Southwest Monarch Study, USA)
Serge Dedina (Wildcoast, USA)
Eduardo Nájera Hillman (Costasalvaje, Mexico)
Wallace J. Nichols (California Academy of Sciences, USA)
Arturo
Gómez-Pompa (University of California Riverside, Mexico/USA)
Scott
Slovic, (Interdisciplinary
Studies in Literature and Environment,University of Idaho, USA)
Garrison Sposito (University of California at Berkeley, USA)
Georgita Ruiz (Tierra de Aves A.C., Mexico)
Manuel Grosselet (Tierra de Aves A.C., Mexico)
Diana Liverman (Institute of the Environment, University of
Arizona, USA)
Valeria Souza (UNAM, Mexico)
Eduardo Farah (EspejoRed, Mexico)
Daniel Gershenson (Mexico)
Joaquín Bohigas Bosch (Instituto
de Astronomia, UNAM, Mexico)
Jo Ann Baumgartner,
(Wild Farm Alliance, USA)
Jack Woody(Regional Dr,Int.Programs,US Fish & Wildlife
Service, Retired)
Lummi Tribe
Native American
Land Conservancy (includes the following participating tribal communities:
Chemehuevi, Kumeyaay, Cahuilla, Navajo, Paiute).
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